请高手帮忙翻译翻译啊，通顺即可，完全用翻译器的请绕道~谢谢~~

范钰熙 2012-05-03 00:39:39 403 浏览

Interim Report on Pressure Effect on Waxy-Crude Pipeline-Restart Conditions Investigated by a Model System Yield Phenomenon and Pipeline Restart. Yield stress is the threshold stress required to initiate ﬂow of a viscoplastic ᤙ... Interim Report on Pressure Effect on Waxy-Crude Pipeline-Restart Conditions Investigated by a Model System Yield Phenomenon and Pipeline Restart. Yield stress is the threshold stress required to initiate ﬂow of a viscoplastic ﬂ uid. Waxy crude-oil gels are viscoplastic in nature and exhibit time-dependent Bingham plastic ﬂow behavior during restart under imposed constant pumping pressure. The yielding process of a gel is a complicated process， and different models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Wardhaugh and Boger (1991) defined yield stress as the “shear stress at which the gelled oil ceases to behave as a Hookean solid.” Chang et al. (1998) adopted a three-yield stress concept: elastic limit (which defines the onset of viscoelastic creep)， static (where fracture occurs)， and dynamic yield stress (which describes the broken down structure after yielding). Among these three， only the static yield stress is used to design the restart pump for initiation of flow after shut-in. Several types of apparatus and different techniques (direct and indirect) have been used for determining the yield stress. The results obtained and conclusions regarding their validity and usefulness differ widely. Setups used are capillary U-tubes， large pilot pipeline facilities， lab-scale model pipelines， controlled-stress or -shear rotational rheometry experiments (CSR). The capillary tube and pilot-scale pipeline measurement tech-niques have been criticized as being unsuitable for understanding the yielding behavior of statically cooled waxy crude oils because of nonlinear pressure distribution， pipe compressibility effects， porosity of wax structure， and contraction effects (Wardhaugh and Boger 1991). However， the authors added that an exception to their conclusion was the work by Ronningsen (1992)， where reasonable estimates of the yield stress as compared to model pipeline results were obtained with a constant stress rheometer. Recently， Lee et al. (2007) also reported the consistency between the concentric rheometer and a model pipeline system. In fact， model pipeline test is the most common laboratory method resorted to in gel strength measurement because of its geometrical resemblance to the real pipeline. In such tests， gel is formed under controlled conditions (cooling rate， aging temperature， etc.) and pressure is then slowly applied on one end of the gel until flow is observed. The gel strength (τ) is then calculated by: 公式1 展开

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無暇Vi永恆之音 2012-05-04 00:00:00

用我的没错的！ There is one day you enter my heart， and you will 希望能帮到您，以后英语方面有什么问题就来找我吧！专业为您翻译多种中英文，

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hljqx123 2012-05-04 00:00:00

中期报告Waxy-Crude压力的影响Pipeline-Restart条件研究模型系统屈服现象和管道重启。屈服应力是应力要求启动阈值的一个理想塑性流动fl uid。蜡原油凝胶剂具有理想塑性性质的，展览时间宾厄姆塑性流动行为在重新在对泵送压力恒定。它是一种凝胶材料的屈服过程是一个复杂的过程，并提出了不同的模型来解释这一现象。Wardhaugh和Boger(1991)定义为“剪切屈服应力的胶凝油停止表现得像Hookean固体。"长丁晓萍。(1998)采用了一个three-yield应力概念:弹性极限(定义发作的粘弹性蠕变)、静态(在骨折发生)，和动态屈服应力(描述分解结构屈服后)。在这三个，只有静态屈服应力是用来设计重新开始流泵关后。用几种不同类型的设备和各种不同的方法(直接和间接)被用于确定屈服应力。所得结果和结论对他们的有效性和实用性大相径庭。应用毛细管U-tubes机构、大型飞行员管道设施，lab-scale模型管道、controlled-stress或-shear旋转流变仪实验(CSR)。毛细管和管道测量tech-niques作用而受到批评是不适合的理解的屈服行为的静态蜡原油冷却因非线性压力分布、管道可压缩性的影响，孔隙度蜡的结构和收缩效应(Wardhaugh和Boger 1991)。然而，作者说，他们的结论是一个例外所做的工作被Ronningsen(1992)，在合理的估计相比，屈服应力模型管道结果用恒应力流变仪。Z近，李丁晓萍。(2007年)》也报道了一致性模型的同心仪管路系统。事实上，模型管道测试是Z常见的实验室方法采取在凝胶强度测试，因为它的几何与真正的管道。在这样的测试中，凝胶形成受控条件下(冷却速度、老化温度等)和压力然后慢慢地应用于凝胶的一端，直到流观测。水泥浆胶凝强度(τ)是分析计算。

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请高手帮忙翻译翻译啊，通顺即可，完全用翻译器的请绕道~谢谢~~: Interim Report on Pressure Effect on Waxy-Crude Pipeline-Restart Conditions Investigated by a Model System Yield Phenomenon and Pipeline Restart. Yield stress is the threshold stress required to initiate ﬂow of a viscoplastic ᤙ... Interim Report on Pressure Effect on Waxy-Crude Pipeline-Restart Conditions Investigated by a Model System Yield Phenomenon and Pipeline Restart. Yield stress is the threshold stress required to initiate ﬂow of a viscoplastic ﬂ uid. Waxy crude-oil gels are viscoplastic in nature and exhibit time-dependent Bingham plastic ﬂow behavior during restart under imposed constant pumping pressure. The yielding process of a gel is a complicated process， and different models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Wardhaugh and Boger (1991) defined yield stress as the “shear stress at which the gelled oil ceases to behave as a Hookean solid.” Chang et al. (1998) adopted a three-yield stress concept: elastic limit (which defines the onset of viscoelastic creep)， static (where fracture occurs)， and dynamic yield stress (which describes the broken down structure after yielding). Among these three， only the static yield stress is used to design the restart pump for initiation of flow after shut-in. Several types of apparatus and different techniques (direct and indirect) have been used for determining the yield stress. The results obtained and conclusions regarding their validity and usefulness differ widely. Setups used are capillary U-tubes， large pilot pipeline facilities， lab-scale model pipelines， controlled-stress or -shear rotational rheometry experiments (CSR). The capillary tube and pilot-scale pipeline measurement tech-niques have been criticized as being unsuitable for understanding the yielding behavior of statically cooled waxy crude oils because of nonlinear pressure distribution， pipe compressibility effects， porosity of wax structure， and contraction effects (Wardhaugh and Boger 1991). However， the authors added that an exception to their conclusion was the work by Ronningsen (1992)， where reasonable estimates of the yield stress as compared to model pipeline results were obtained with a constant stress rheometer. Recently， Lee et al. (2007) also reported the consistency between the concentric rheometer and a model pipeline system. In fact， model pipeline test is the most common laboratory method resorted to in gel strength measurement because of its geometrical resemblance to the real pipeline. In such tests， gel is formed under controlled conditions (cooling rate， aging temperature， etc.) and pressure is then slowly applied on one end of the gel until flow is observed. The gel strength (τ) is then calculated by: 公式1 展开

请高手帮忙翻译一下 3: 2.2.1. Physical and physicochemical characterization The particle size distribution of the Ch-zeolite was determined using a laser diffraction equipment (CILASk 1064) and standard wet sieving (Mesh Tylerk series). Scanning electron mic... 2.2.1. Physical and physicochemical characterization The particle size distribution of the Ch-zeolite was determined using a laser diffraction equipment (CILASk 1064) and standard wet sieving (Mesh Tylerk series). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM-PHILIPSk XL20) was used for photomicrographs as well as to analyse the Ch-zeolite composition (Energy Dispersion X-ray， EDX). The sample was initially placed in a vacuum chamber for coating with a thin layer (few nanometers) of gold (Au). The specific surface area of the material was measured by the methylene blue technique and by nitrogen gas adsorption methods， with the latter also providing information about particle porosity. In the methylene blue adsorption method， aqueous solutions (50 ml) of methylene blue (100 mg l 1) were agitated using an orbital shaker (Marconik) for an hour at room temperature in the presence of different quantities of the Ch-zeolite (0.05–0.3 g). The suspensions were then allowed to settle for 23 h and the resulting supernatants were centrifuged at 5000 rpm before the analysis of the residual methylene blue concentration. Results obtained correspond to averaged values of three different experiments. The specific surface area was evaluated by the Langmuir model， assuming the formation， at high concentrations， of a dye monolayer and 1.08 nm2 molecule 1， for the cross-sectional area (Van den Hul and Lyklema， 1968). The Ch-zeolite specific surface area was evaluated by the nitrogen gas adsorption method， using automated equipment (Autosorb 1-Quantachrome Instrumentsk)， employing multipoint BET isotherm adsorption data fitting. Also from these data， the porosity of the material was evaluated through parameters such as volume of total pores (d < 206 nm)， surface area and volume of micropores (d < 2 nm; Micropore Analysis Method). Zeta potential measurements for the natural and ammonia loaded zeolite， as a function of medium pH， were determined using a Zeta Plusk equipment (Brookhaven Instruments). Suspensions (0.01% v/v) of the Ch-zeolite， previously sieved below 37 Am (400 Mesh Tylerk)， in a 10 3 mol l 1 solution of KNO3 were used and the medium pH was controlled with the addition of HNO3 (pH< 7) and KOH (pH>7)， separately. For the Ch-zeolite saturated with ammonia， suspensions of the material were prepared by the same procedure， except that the sample was loaded with 100 mg NH3–N l 1 of ammonia. 展开

请专家帮忙翻译一下，谢谢！: 粒度检测方法与优缺点比较粉末粒度分布的测量方法经过百余年的发展，据统计至少已经发展了上百种，但随着科技的发展，有些方法被逐步淘汰，有些方法得到了改进和发展（如激光散射法、动态光散射等），并在生产、科研中得到了广泛的应用，现在普遍使用的测量... 粒度检测方法与优缺点比较粉末粒度分布的测量方法经过百余年的发展，据统计至少已经发展了上百种，但随着科技的发展，有些方法被逐步淘汰，有些方法得到了改进和发展（如激光散射法、动态光散射等），并在生产、科研中得到了广泛的应用，现在普遍使用的测量方法有筛分法、显微图像法、光透沉降法、激光散射（衍射）法等几种，下面简单介绍几种常用的粒度测量方法。 ▲ 筛分法是一种具有很长历史的粒度测定方法，筛分法粒度测量是利用一组筛孔大小不同的标准筛将粉末进行筛分，然后对每个筛上样品分别进行称重，进而得到以质量为量纲的粒度分布数据，并可由分布结果计算出如Dv50等其它参数。筛分滶要特点是测量成本低廉，操作简单，但存在着如重复性差，测量时间较长，不能对5um以下的颗粒进行测量等缺点。 ▲显微图像分析法利用光学或电子显微镜及计算机图像识别技术对颗粒粒度及粒度分布，颗粒形貌进行测量，分析的方法。这种方法不仅能够测量粒度分布而且能够直接观察到颗粒的形状，是目前唯yi的一种可目视的直观测试方法，这种特点也是其它粒度测量仪器所不具备。这种方法的优点是直观、简便、费用低，缺点是由于取样量很少，为使测量结果代表性，必须增加待测颗粒的个数（一般认为测量颗粒的个数应在1000个以上），这就相应啬了测量时间，及测试人员的工作强度，但由于能够对颗粒形貌（如长径比等）进行测量，目前也有广泛应用。 ▲光透沉降法沉降法粒度测试的理论基础是斯托克司定律和比尔定律。前者给出颗粒沉降速度与粒径的关系，后者阐明光透过率与粒径重量的关系。可简单的描述为：在沉降液中，有若干相同比重的颗粒，如果同一时刻，从同一位置开始下降，则不同直径的颗粒到达测量区的时间是不同的，根据颗粒到达测量区的时间，及光强的强弱，就可以计算出颗粒的粒径，及相应粒径的颗粒在颗粒群中占有的比例。采用此种原理的测量仪器有比较长的使用历史，但随着科技的发展和测量手段的进步，此方法的缺点也日益突出，如测量时间长，重复性误差大等。 ▲ 激光散射法颗粒测量仪器是以富朗和菲衍射（Fraunhofer diffraction）和米氏散射（Mie scattering）为理论基础。此理论可以简单理解为沿直线传播的平行激光束，在传播过程中遇到颗粒的遮挡后，传播方向发生了改变（即发生了衍射和散射现象），并且大颗粒使激光改变的角度小，小颗粒改变大。（实际上是由于颗粒的遮挡在无限远处形成了一个爱里斑，爱里斑87%的能量集中在ZX亮环，且颗粒直径越大，ZX环越小，颗粒直径越小ZX亮环越大）。如果能在不同角度上接收光能，对于相应的的角度，其光能是对应直径的颗粒集合发生衍射（散射）造成的，相应其他角度上光能的强弱也就反应了对应直径颗粒在整个颗粒集合中占有的比例。 ▲ 采用激光粒度测量仪器相对于光透沉降粒度测量仪器具有很多优点： 1. 原理先进，并且由于测试过程中没有需要预先设定的参数（如样品比重、介质黏度、环境温度等），及在测量过程中随时改变的条件，因此测量结果准确、可靠。 2. 测量速度快，测试时间与样品粒度分布无关，典型测试过程一般小于一分钟； 3. 每次测试，多次对样品进行扫描，测试结果重复性好； 4. 进样方式种类多，可适用于各种类样品。展开

请高手帮忙翻译化学名词，急需~~~~: 以下的技术指标用语都是关于PVC颗粒的，请知道的帮忙准确地翻译~~~谢谢VICATPOINTHARDNESSTENSILESTRENGTHYIELDPOINTELONGATIONATBREAKFLEXURALMODULUSIMPACTSTRENGTHINFLAMMABILITYA... 以下的技术指标用语都是关于PVC颗粒的，请知道的帮忙准确地翻译~~~谢谢 VICAT POINT HARDNESS TENSILE STRENGTH YIELD POINT ELONGATION AT BREAK FLEXURAL MODULUS IMPACT STRENGTH INFLAMMABILITY AV.A.P. IMPURITY PARTICLE NUMBER VOLATILES（INCL WATER） BULK DENSITY SIEVE RATIO “FISH EYE”NUMBER UNIT/400c㎡ RESIDUAL VCM PPM 展开

翻译翻译，请高手帮我翻译一下这个说明: Followthesysteminstallationinstructionscarefullyandinthespecifiedorder.ThesoftwaremustbeinstalledonthecomputerbeforeconnectingtheUSBcable.2.1FacilitiesRequirementsFacilit... Follow the system installation instructions carefully and in the specified order. The software must be installed on the computer before connecting the USB cable. 2.1 Facilities Requirements Facilities requirements for the alpha-SE system are listed in Table 2-1 and the system dimensions are given in Fig. 2-1. As shown in Fig. 2-2， the alpha-SE tool requires a clear work area of 20 by 18 inches (500 by 460 mm)， excluding the operator computer. 2.2 Unpacking the Hardware Opening the Shipping Container Move the alpha-SE shipping container to the area where the tool will be installed. Open the container and remove the top and side pieces of packing foam. Carefully remove all smaller components from the shipping container， verifying that you received all components， as shown in Fig. 2-3. Finally， remove the alpha-SE ellipsometer and position it on your clear 20” by 18” (510 by 460 mm) workspace. Caution: The alpha-SE ellipsometer without sample chuck weighs approximately 37 lbs. (16 kg.). Please find an assistant to lift the alpha-SE unit out of the shipping carton and on to clear work surface. 展开

高分请高手帮忙翻译英文文献资料（4）: Whenliquidisheateditevaporates.Theevaporationprocessisdependentonpressure，temperatureandcompositionoftheliquidandgas.Gascanalsocondense.Inadditionthereisaconvectiveheattr... When liquid is heated it evaporates. The evaporation process is dependent on pressure， temperature and composition of the liquid and gas. Gas can also condense. In addition there is a convective heat transfer between the liquid and gas zone that must be considered. The surfaces in the gas zone also radiates from the shell to the liquid. During the blowdown process mass is usually evacuated from the gas zone， but also liquid might be released. The rate of release is dependent on density and pressure as well as the release area. As pressure and temperature change， the properties of all materials change. This has to be considered in a prediction of a blowdown process. The main purpose of a blowdown process is as earlier stated to maintain integrity of the equipment. The strength properties of the shell are the key factor on that matter. The strength is dependent on the inside pressure as well as the support forces. If the exposing forces produce stress that exceeds the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) in some regions， the integrity of the equipment is no longer maintained. In the design phase of a process plant， these aspects are crucial and must be included as a dimensional factor. For that reason prediction of the blowdown process is essential. Lately some new standards has been introduced to the industry on this matter [3] and [4]. VessFire [1] and [2] is a multi physics system designed for calculation of this kind of problems. It has been applied for some time in the oil and process industry on many projects. The system satisfies the requirements for predictions outlined in [3] and [4]. It includes all aspects described above including integrity of the shell. As part of the verification process some experiments where performed. Some of the experiments are presented here. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the evaporation process and the heat transfer to the liquid and vapour. In a complex system it is important to reduce unknown parameters as far as possible. Exposure from a flame is difficult to control. Flux measurements are point values and not necessarily representative for the average exposure. In order to control the heat exposure it was decided to apply an electric heating system. The system and the verification of the system is described in [5]， [6] and [8]. The furnace was built inside a supporting tube. Figure 2 shows a general arrangement of the experimental outfit. A 0.05 mm stainless steel foil formed as a tube， 300 mm in diameter， generated the heat. The power supply was based on a 3-phase alternating current system giving 48 Volt output as maximum. The top exposure had a limit of 300 kW. The foil had a surface of about 1 m2， giving a heat flux up to 300 kW/m2. The power input could be continuously regulated from zero to maximum load. Each experiment was started from zero and brought up to the required load within a few seconds. After that the surface temperature of the heating foil was kept constant during the exposure period. Experiments with both dry objects as well as water filled object were performed. In this paper only water filled experiments are presented Figure 2 General arrangements drawing of the experimental furnace including the specimen and its support Figure 3 Illustration of the heating unit. The black part is copper conductors for the foil. The grey part is the heating foil exposing the specimen. The foil is equipped with thermo-elements all marked H， except H5 which is the temperature in a copper ring and H6 which is the temperature between the insulation and the supporting tube. 展开

请帮忙翻译一下，拜托: A new kind of TiO2 nanotube array/Ni(OH)2 (TiO2/Ni(OH)2) composite electrode with the storage ability of light energy was prepared by the deposition of Ni(OH)2 on the TiO2 nanotube array， which was synthesized by anodizing Ti foils in an HF... A new kind of TiO2 nanotube array/Ni(OH)2 (TiO2/Ni(OH)2) composite electrode with the storage ability of light energy was prepared by the deposition of Ni(OH)2 on the TiO2 nanotube array， which was synthesized by anodizing Ti foils in an HF aqueous solution. SEM and XRD results showed that Ni(OH)2 particles were well distributed on high density， well-ordered and uniform TiO2 nanotube arrays. The photoelectrochemical properties of the TiO2/Ni(OH)2 electrode were investigated in NaHCO3/NaOH buffer solution (pH 10) by means of UV–vis absorption spectra， cyclic voltammogram (CV) and photocurrent measurements. It was found that the TiO2/Ni(OH)2 electrode was highly sensitive to light and exhibited excellent photoelectrochromic properties. Upon UV irradiation， the photogenerated holes by TiO2 nanotube arrays can oxidize Ni(OH)2 to NiOOH， and thus the TiO2/Ni(OH)2 electrode can be photo-charged by light。1. Introduction Among many visible light photocatalysts， TiO2nanostructures have attracted much attention due to high photocatalytic activ-ity， nontoxicity， chemical stability and huge potential applications [1–6]. The TiO2 nanotube array is one of most attention-getting TiO2nanostructures because of large surface area and outstanding charge transport properties. TiO2nanotube arrays can be utilized in dye-sensitized solar cells[7–9]， photocatalysis and hydrogen gas sensing [10]. So far， a variety of methods have been attempted to prepare TiO2 nanotube arrays， such as hydrothermal synthe-sis[11]， Langmuir–Blodgett technique [12]， solution casting [13] and anodization technique[10，14]， etc. Among these methods， the anodization technique has many advantages of low cost， low tem-perature and easy to be scaled up to large-area preparation. Recently， anewkindof photo-functional systemwith theenergy storage ability has been developed by coupling TiO2 photosen-sitive electrode with energy storage materials. In Takahashi and Tatsuma’swork[15]，aTiO2/Ni(OH)2bilayer thinfilmwas suggested for the oxidative energy storage. In this case， a redox-activep-type semiconductor Ni(OH)2is coupled withn-type TiO2photocatalyst to formap–njunction，WhenTiO2is illuminatedby light， holesgen-erated at the junction are separated from excited electrons， trans-ported into the bulk of Ni(OH)2and oxidized Ni(OH)2to NiOOH. Therefore， the oxidative energy storage system was constructed 展开

请高手高手高高手帮忙翻译下面的设备名称: 请帮忙翻译下：谢谢！斑点酶解系统自动斑点切取系统蛋白纯化系统基因芯片扫描系统二维电泳梯度胶制备系统全自动电泳仪多通道悬液芯片系统体内可见光成像系统如果您翻译的十分准确，我... 请帮忙翻译下：谢谢！斑点酶解系统自动斑点切取系统蛋白纯化系统基因芯片扫描系统二维电泳梯度胶制备系统全自动电泳仪多通道悬液芯片系统体内可见光成像系统如果您翻译的十分准确，我将再加Z高分（好像是100分）。我要英文，谢谢！展开

请各位大虾帮忙翻译一下：: Withmorethan6millionnewmeasurementchannelssoldlastyear，NationalInstrumentsisaworldwideleaderinvirtualinstrumentation.Engineershaveusedvirtualinstrumentationformorethan25y... With more than 6 million new measurement channels sold last year， National Instruments is a worldwide leader in virtual instrumentation. Engineers have used virtual instrumentation for more than 25 years to bring the power of flexible software and PC technology to test， control， and design applications making accurate analog and digital measurements from DC to 2.7 GHz. This document provides an excellent introduction to virtual instrumentation as well as additional resources for continued research. What is virtual instrumentation? With virtual instrumentation， software based on user requirements defines general-purpose measurement and control hardware functionality. Virtual instrumentation combines mainstream commercial technologies， such as the PC， with flexible software and a wide variety of measurement and control hardware， so engineers and scientists can create user-defined systems that meet their exact application needs. With virtual instrumentation， engineers and scientists reduce development time， design higher quality products， and lower their design costs. 展开

请高手帮我翻译一下这一段。。。: Carbonnanomaterialsarenovelmanufacturedmaterials，havingwidespreadpotentialapplications.Adsorptionofhydrophobicorganiccompounds(HOCs)bycarbonnanomaterialsmayenhancetheirto... Carbon nanomaterials are novel manufactured materials， having widespread potential applications. Adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) by carbon nanomaterials may enhance their toxicity and affect the fate， transformation， and transport of HOCs in the environment. In this research， adsorption of naphthalene， phenanthrene， and pyrene onto six carbon nanomaterials， including fullerenes， single-walled carbon nanotubes ， and multiwalled carbon nanotubes was investigated， which is the first systematic study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorption by various carbon nanomaterials. All adsorption isotherms were nonlinear and were fitted well by the Polanyi-Manes model (PMM). Through both isotherm modeling and constructing “characteristic curve”， Polanyi theory was useful to describe the adsorption process of PAHs by the carbon nanomaterials. The three fitted parameters (Q0， a， and b) of PMM depended on both PAH properties and the nature of carbon nanomaterials. For different PAHs， adsorption seems to relate with their molecular size， i.e.， the larger the molecular size， the lower the adsorbed volume capacity (Q0)， but higher a and b values. For different carbon nanomaterials， adsorption seems to relate with their surface area， micropore volume， and the volume ratios of mesopore to micropore. Quantitative relationships between these sorbent properties and the estimated parameters of PMM were obtained. These relationships may represent a first fundamental step toward establishing empirical equations for quantitative prediction of PAH adsorption by carbon nanomaterials and possibly other forms of carbonaceous (geo-) sorbents， and for evaluating their environmental impact. In addition， high adsorption capacity of PAHs by carbon nanotubes may add to their high environmental risks once released to the environment， and result in potential alteration of PAHs fate and bioavailability in the environment. 展开

过于质谱的，请帮忙翻译。: Molecularionsatm/z=494.3，496.3，518.3，520.3，522.3，and524.3，indicativeofLPCcontainingC16:1，C16:0，C18:3，C18:2，C18:1，andC18:0fattyacidsatsn-1position，weredetectedC16:1具体指的... Molecular ions at m/z = 494.3， 496.3，518.3， 520.3， 522.3， and 524.3， indicative of LPC containing C16:1， C16:0， C18:3， C18:2， C18:1， and C18:0 fatty acids at sn-1 position， were detected C16:1具体指的是什么呀？是16C，含一个双键吗？？还有sn指的是什么位置呀？展开

英语高手帮忙翻译段英文谢谢！！: In this paper， the degradation of an azo dye Orange G (OG) on nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalysts has been investigated under visible light and sunlight irradiation. Under visible light irradiation， the doped TiO2 nanocatalysts demonstrated ... In this paper， the degradation of an azo dye Orange G (OG) on nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalysts has been investigated under visible light and sunlight irradiation. Under visible light irradiation， the doped TiO2 nanocatalysts demonstrated higher activity than the commercial Dugussa P25 TiO2， allowing more efﬁcient utilization of solar light， while under sunlight， P25 showed higher photocatalytic activity. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD)， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis spectra analyses， it was found that both the nanosized anatase structure and the appearance of new absorption band in the visible region caused by nitrogen doping were responsible for the signiﬁcant enhancement of OG degradation under visible light. In addition， the photosensitized oxidation mechanism originated from OG itself was also considered contributing to the higher visible-light-induced degradation efﬁciency. The effect of the initial pH of the solution and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide under different light sources was also investigated. Under visible light and sunlight， the optimal solution pH was both 2.0， while the optimal dosage of H2O2 was 5.0 and 15.0 mmol/l， respectively. Azodyes， which are characterized by the presence of one or more azo bonds ( N N )， are among the most notorious widespread environmental pollutants associated with textile，cosmetic， food colorants， printing， and pharmaceutical indus-tries. Because of their non-degradability， toxicity， potential mutagenicity and carcinogenicity， wastewaters originating from these dyes production or application industries pose a major threat to the surrounding ecosystems and human beings’ health.[1–3].Environmental concerns and the need of meeting the strin-gent international standards for rejecting wastewaters has made the development of novel and cost-effective processes for the puriﬁcation of azo dyes efﬂuents an issue of major technological importance. 展开

高手帮忙翻译！！+100: 虚拟仪器是一种新的测试与测控技术，近年来得到了迅速发展，基于虚拟仪器的机器视觉系统就是其领域的一个重要分支。本文围绕基于虚拟仪器的机器视觉有关理论和其在玻璃瓶口缺陷检测中... 虚拟仪器是一种新的测试与测控技术，近年来得到了迅速发展，基于虚拟仪器的机器视觉系统就是其领域的一个重要分支。本文围绕基于虚拟仪器的机器视觉有关理论和其在玻璃瓶口缺陷检测中的具体应用进行了研究。针对玻璃瓶这一对象检测的高精度、高准确度、实时性的特点，本文提出了一种基于LabVIEW的数字图像处理检测方案，并在设计过程中解决了一系列关键问题：利用硬件和软件的编程实现了对玻璃瓶口的缺陷监测；使用阈值进行图像的二值化处理，并进行开启、闭合以增强图像质量；使用Vision Builder AI对有故障的图像进行故障特征识别；通过理论研究与实验，证明了本文所提出的玻璃瓶口缺陷监测方法是有效和可行的，为其机器视觉检测的进一步研究和开发奠定了很好的基础请用专业术语，不要用在线翻译。谢谢····好可以多加分展开

请帮翻译: Boron nitride nanotubes， nanocapsules and nanocages were fabricated by arc-melting LaB6 and boronLaB6 powder compacts in a nitrogenargon gas atmosphere， which were determined by high-resolution electron microscopy and energy dispersive X... Boron nitride nanotubes， nanocapsules and nanocages were fabricated by arc-melting LaB6 and boronLaB6 powder compacts in a nitrogenargon gas atmosphere， which were determined by high-resolution electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The diameters of the boron nitride nanotubes， nanocapsules and nanocages were in the range of 10100 nm， 1030 nm and 80 nm， respectively. The present work indicates that La could be a good candidate as a catalyst to produce the boron nitride fullerene materials by changing the ratio of LaB6B. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 展开

请各位高手帮忙翻译一下专有名词: 针规，推拉力计不胜感激:

急求翻译请帮忙翻译一下这篇英文资料，急用！！！！: Wells-BrookfieldCone/PlateRapidDeterminationOfAbsoluteViscosityIntroductionTheWells-BrookfieldCone/PlateViscometergivesresearchersasophisticatedinstrumentforroutinelydete... Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Rapid Determination Of Absolute Viscosity Introduction The Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer gives researchers a sophisticated instrument for routinely determining absolute viscosity of fluids in small sample volumes. Its cone and plate geometry provides the precision necessary for development of complete rheological data. Principle of Operation The Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer is a precise torque meter which is driven at discrete rotational speeds. The torque measuring system， which consists of a calibrated beryllium-copper spring connecting the drive mechanism to a rotating cone， senses the resistance to rotation caused by the presence of sample fluid between the cone and a stationary flat plate. The resistance to the rotation of the cone produces a torque that is proportional to the shear stress in the fluid. The amount of torque is indicated either on a dial or digital display， depending on model. This reading is easily converted to absolute centipoise units (mPa.s) from pre-calculated range charts. Alternatively， viscosity can be calculated from the known geometric constants of the cone， the rate of rotation， and the stress related torque. See Range Tables The correct relative position of cone and plate is obtained by following a simple mechanical procedure without the need for external gauges or supplementary instrumentation. The stationary plate forms the bottom of a sample cup which can be removed， filled with .5 ml to 2.0 ml of sample fluid (depending on cone in use)， and remounted without disturbing the calibration. The sample cup is jacketed and has tube fittings for connection to a constant temperature circulating bath. The system is accurate to within ?.0% of the working range. Reproducibility is to within ?.2%. Working temperature range is from 0oC to 100oC. 展开

帮忙翻译一下，谢谢: IFRS13willhelpincreasetransparencywhenentitiesusemodelstomeasurefairvalue，particularlywhenusersneedmoreinformationaboutmeasurementuncertainty，suchaswhenthemarketforanasse... IFRS 13 will help increase transparency when entities use models to measure fair value， particularly when users need more information about measurement uncertainty， such as when the market for an asset or a liability has become less active. IFRS 13 requires entities to disclose information about the valuation techniques and inputs used to measure fair value， as well as information about the uncertainty inherent in fair value measurements (which was of particular concern during the global fi nancial crisis). Some of those disclosures， including the fair value hierarchy， were already introduced in March 2009 through an amendment to IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures. Those disclosures have been relocated to IFRS 13. The requirements in IFRS 13 also incorporate the guidance in a FASB Staff Position (FSP) issued in April 2009. 展开

请翻译一下这段英文1，谢谢: Materials For the present study， the matrix was ABS supplied by Formosa Co. The reinforcements were polyacrylonitrile based high strength CFs. The properties of materials used were given in Table 1. Carbon fibre surface treatment Carbon fi... Materials For the present study， the matrix was ABS supplied by Formosa Co. The reinforcements were polyacrylonitrile based high strength CFs. The properties of materials used were given in Table 1. Carbon fibre surface treatment Carbon fibres were oxidised by boiling in HNO3 under reflux for 5 h (T5120uC). Afterwards， the nitric acid oxidised fibres were washed with distilled water to neutral pH. Fibre surface composition The fibres were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA 300， Scienta， Sweden) to determine the level of functionalisation of the modified fibres. An initial survey scan was performed to determine the detectable elements， followed by high resolution scans. The entire X-ray photoelectron spectrum was energy referenced to the C1s peak of graphite (bending energy5284?5 eV). Composite preparation Before processing， ABS pellets and CFs were dried in a vacuum oven for 4 h at 80uC. Composites containing 0， 5， 10， 15， 20， 25 and 30 wt-% SCF were prepared by melt mixing in a co-rotating twin screw extruder (Thermoprism TSE 16 TC， L/D:24). The ABS pellets and CFs were fed from the main and side feeders respectively. The molten composite obtained from the die of the extruder was water cooled and pelletised. The extrusion conditions were arranged， as shown in Table 2. The viscosity of the melt containing CFs depends on the viscosity of the polymer matrix as well as the processing temperature. To avoid unfavourable shearing conditions， the melt temperature is kept as high as possible regarding thermal degradation. Before PA6 was blended to promote interfacial adhesion， vacuum drying of the ABS and PA6 pellets was carried out at 80uC for 4 and 12 h respectively. The 0， 10， 20 and 30 wt-% PA6 containing batches were fed through the main feeder to the twin screw extruder. The extrudate was water cooled and chopped into small pellets. The produced ABS/PA6 pellets were vacuum dried again at 80uC for 12 h. To prepare the SCF reinforced ABS/PA6 composites， the blend was introduced into the twin screw extruder from the main feeder， and SCFs were fed from the side feeder. The twin screw extruder was operated at the same processing conditions used during the blend preparation. The extrudate was again water cooled and chopped into small pellets. The extrusion grades of resin were used to make the extrudate form fully. The specimens for the mechanical characterisation experiments were moulded using a laboratory scale injection moulding machine (microinjector， model 1998; Daca Instruments) at a barrel temperature of 230uC and mould temperature of 80uC. The injection moulding machine used in this study was a laboratory type microinjector. The principle of the operation is that the preweighed (，2?5 g) raw material is loaded into the cylindrical barrel and allowed to melt at a preset barrel temperature for 1 min.Then the molten plastic is pushed through an injection tip by a piston. 展开

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