涡结构和翅运动学：短耳犬蝠（拉丁文学名Cynopterus brach

We investigated the detailed kinematics and wake structure of lesser dog-faced fruit bats (Cynopterus brachyotis) flying in a wind
tunnel. High speed recordings of the kinematics were conducted to obtain three-dimensional reconstructions of wing movements.
Simultaneously, the flow structure in the spanwise plane perpendicular to the flow stream was visualized using time-resolved
particle image velocimetry. The flight of four individuals was investigated to reveal patterns in kinematics and wake structure
typical for lower and higher speeds. The wake structure identified as typical for both speed categories was a closed-loop ring
vortex consisting of the tip vortex and the limited appearance of a counter-rotating vortex near the body, as well as a small distally
located vortex system at the end of the upstroke that generated negative lift. We also investigated the degree of consistency
within trials and looked at individual variation in flight parameters, and found distinct differences between individuals as well as
within individuals.
Supplementary material available online at http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/213/20/3427/DC1
Key words: bat flight, kinematics, wake structure. 德国LaVision PIV/PLIF粒子成像测速场仪